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Figures of speech as classified by Bullinger

 

The following material is condensed from Bullinger's "Figures of Speech Used in the Bible". I have tried to reduce the 1000 pages of material there by combining many of the figures, omitting those that are only evident in the original languages, and listing only a few examples for each. The order of the figures here is identical with the larger work.. I have tried to avoid the Latin terms that Bullinger uses with great delight. I have also omitted here the figures for which there are no or at least no easy examples.

 

  1. Figures involving OMISSION

    2. Newer translations often fill in the ellipsis for us. This at times wrecks the sense of the passage because the ellipsis was often on purpose for emphasis as in Gen. 30:27. In this case it was so that Jacob would focus on the praise and not how he was being used by Laben.

    1. Affecting the words

      1. Omission

        2. - The omission of a word or words in a sentence.

        - Gen. 30:27 (stay with me)

        - Rom. 14:2 he who is weak (in faith)

        - Acts 10:10 While they were preparing for what?

        Bullinger spends 130 pages on these omissions.

      2. Unequal yoke - Two words unequally yoked by one verb.

        3. - II Chro. 23:11 (gave him)

      3. No-ands - An enumeration of things without conjunctions.

        - Mk. 7:21-23

        - I Cor. 3:12-13

    2. Affecting the sense

      1. Sudden silence - Breaking off what is being said with sudden silence.

        2. - Psa 6:3 How long for what?

        — Will I be dismayed?

        — Before I am rescued?

      2. Belittleing - A belittleing of one thing to magnify another.

        3. - Phil 2 Only unprofitable?

        - Lk. 17:9

      3. Demeaning - A lessening of a thing in order to increase it.

        4. - Gen 27:44 A few days? Try 7 years!

        See Gen. 29:20

        - Zech. 8:17b In fact you should hate it!

        - Jn 14:18 He did a lot more then that.

      4. Omission of the conclusion

        5. - I Sam. 17:4-7 Describes the armor to impress us with his strength.

        - Matt. 10:30 Therefore God know all about us

      5. Omission of the premise - Giving just the conclusion with out the reasons behind it.

        - Matt. 27:19 The major premise is omitted. You don't punish the righteous

        When dealing with an omission ask yourself why did the speaker or writer omit it.

  2. Figures involving ADDITION

    1. Affecting words

      1. Repetition of letters and syllables

        1. Of the same letters

          1. Alliteration - Successive word beginning with the same letters or syllables.

            2. - I Thess. 1:2 Pantote Peri Panton (Greek)

          2. Like endings and inflections

            - Hard to show in English!

        2. Of different letters - Acrostic - Repetition of the same or successive letter at the commencement of words or phrases.

          - Psa. 119 Each line in the section begins with the same letter.

      2. Repetition of the same word

        1. Duplication

          2.

          - Gen. 22:11

          - Psa. 77:16

          - Isa. 40:1

          - Matt. 23:37

        2. Like sentence-beginnings

          3. - Psa. 115:12-13

          - I Cor. 13:7

          — all things bears,

          — all things believes,

          — all things hopes,

          — all things endures.

          - Jas. 5:13-14

          — Is any ....

        3. Resumption - Repetition of the same word after a parenthesis.

          4. - Eph. 4:1,14 For this reason

        4. Many-ands - Repetition of conjunctions "and."

          5. - Gen 22:9-11 How deliberate!

          - II Ki. 2:12-14 Each phrase starts with and

          - Lk. 1:31-32

          - II Pe. 1:5-7

        5. Neither’s and nor’s - The repetition of disjunctives.

          6. - Jn 1:13

          - Rom. 8:35, 38-39

        6. Like sentence-endings

          7. - Psa. 115:9-11

          - Psa. 136 1

          - II Cor. 11:22

        7. Encircling - The repetition of the same word or words at the beginning and end of a sentence.

          8. - Ex. 32:16 The tables

          - Psa. 122:7-8

          - Mk. 13:35-37

        8. Repetition of the same word or words at the end of one sentence and at the beginning of another.

          9. - Gen. 1:1,2

          - Psa 115:12

          - Phil. 2:8

        9. Climax - a series of the above.

          10. - Rom. 10:13-15

          — call

          — believe

          — hear

          — preach

          - II Pe. 1:5-7

        10. Word-clashing and word-folding - The repetition of the same word in the same sentence with different or extended meanings.

          - Rom. 9:6 Israel

          - Rom. 8:23

          - I Cor. 15:28 all

      3. Repetition of different words

        1. Intertwining - The repetition of different word in successive sentences, in the same order and same sense.

          2.

          - Isa. 65:13-14

          — Behold my servants

          — But you

          - I Cor. 15 42-44

          — It is sown

          — It is raised

        2. Inversion - The repetition of different words in a sentence, in an inverse order but the same sense. If a difference sense it is called counterchange.

          3. - Isa. 6:10 hearts, ears, eyes

          - Mk 2:27 Sabbath, man, man, Sabbath

        3. Rhyming-words - The repetition of sound words similar in sound. These figures are not available to the English reader but are a very rich source of delight to those who can read the original.

        4. Synonymous words - The repetition of word different in sound and origin, but similar in meaning.

          5. - Deut. 13:4

          — follow, fear, keep, listen, serve, cling

          - Psa. 5:1-2

          — Give ear, consider, heed

          - Prov. 4:14-15

          — do not enter

          — do not proceed

          — avoid it

          — do not pass by

          — turn away

          — pass on

        5. Many noes - The repetition of two or more negatives for the sake of emphasis.

          These do not come across directly in English. The following a just a few of the passages that have two or more 'noes' placed together for emphasis.

          - Jn. 13:8

          - Matt. 16:22

      4. Repetition of sentences and phrases

        1. Circular Repetition - The repetition of the same phrase at regular intervals.

          2.

          - Psa. 80:3,7,19

          - II Sa. 1:19,25,27

        2. Refrain - The repetition of the same phrase at the end of successive paragraphs.

          3. - Jn. 6:39,40,44,54

          - Am. 4:6,8,9,10,11

          — Yet you have not ...

        3. Combined repetition - The repetition of two different phrases: one at the beginning and the other at the end of successive paragraphs.

          4. - Psa. 118:2,3,4,

        4. Overlaid repetition - The repetition of the same phrase at irregular intervals.

          - Isa. 2:7-8 Their land has also

          - Matt. 6:19-20

      5. Repetition of subjects

        1. Parallel lines - The repetition of the same or opposite subject in successive lines.

          2.

          - Isa. 55:8-9

          — My vs your

          — Thoughts vs ways

        2. Correspondence - The repetition of various subjects in successive paragraphs.

          - Psa. 26

          — 1 Prayer

          – 1 Profession

          — 2 Prayer

          – 3-8 Profession

          — 9-10 Prayer

          – 11 Profession

          — 11 Prayer

          – 12 Profession

    2. Affecting sense by way of

      1. Repetition

        1. Detailing - A repetition in detail.

          2.

          - Jn. 16:8-11

          — (Summary Statement) v 8

          — Sin v 9

          — Righteousness v 10

          — Judgment v 11

        2. Working-out - A repetition in order to work out and illustrate what has been already said.

          3. - Psa. 17:1

          — Hear

          – Give heed

          – Give ear

        3. Lingering - A repetition in order to dwell upon a subject for the sake of emphasizing it.

          4. - Matt 7:21-23

          - Col. 2:14,15 - Blessed effects of Christ's death.

        4. Interpretation - A repetition for the purpose of interpreting what has been already said.

          - Amos 3:8

          — a. A lion has roared!

          — b. Who will not fear?

          – a. The Lord God has spoken!

          – b. Who can but prophesy?

          - II Tim. 4:6

          — a. I am ready to be poured out ...

          — a. The time of my departure ...

      2. Amplification

        1. Redundancy - When more words are used then the grammar requires.

          2.

          - II Cor. 5:1 tent – building

          - Jn. 1:22 Who are you? – What do you say about yourself?

          - Deut 32:6

          — Bought you

          – Made you

          – established you

        2. Circumlocution - When a description is used instead of the name.

          3. - Psa. 105:18 – Joseph's captivity

          - Lk. 2:11 City of David – Bethlehem

          - II Pe. 1:13 – I'm alive

        3. Exaggeration (Hyperbole) - When more is said that is literally meant.

          4. - Jn 3:26 All men

          - I Ki. 10:27 Silver as common as stones

          - Matt. 5:28

        4. Gradual ascent - An increase of sense in successive ideas.

          5. - I Cor. 4:8

          — Filled

          — Rich

          — Kings

          - Dan 9:5

          — Sinned

          — Committed iniquity

          — Acted wickedly

          — Rebelled

        5. Gradual descent - A decrease of sense in successive ideas.

          6. - Isa. 40:31

          — Mount up with wings like eagles

          — Run and not get tired

          — Walk and not become weary

          - Dan. 2 Part of the image

          — Gold

          — Silver

          — Brass

          — Iron

          — Clay

        6. Distribution - An enumeration of the parts of a whole which has been mentioned.

          7. - Rom. 2:6-8

          — God will render ...

          – To those who by perseverance ...

          - Gal 5:22-23

          - Gal 5:19-21

          – To those who are selfishly ...

        7. Enumeration - The enumeration of the parts of a whole which has not be mentioned.

          8. - Rom. 1:29-30 – a reprobate mind

          - I Peter 4:3 – characteristics of Gentiles

        8. Summarizing - A running lightly over by way of summary.

          9. - Heb. 11:32

        9. Expansion - A lengthening out by copious exposition of facts.

          10. - II Pe. 2:13-17

        10. Epithet - The naming of a thing by defining it.

          11. - Gen. 21:16 Bowshot – a certain distance

          - Lk. 22:41 Stone's throw

        11. Combination - The placing together of two words by usage. (To mean something greater.)

          - Gen 18:27 dust and ashes

          - Acts 7:22 words and deeds

      3. Description

        1. Word-picture

          2.

          - Psa. 19 The sufferings of Christ

          - Lam. 4:4-8

        2. Description of persons

          3. - Matt 3:4

          - Isa. 63:1-6 The Lord after His vengeance

        3. Description of manners

          4. - Isa. 3:16

          - Lk. 18:9-14

        4. Description of feelings

          5. - Lk. 19:41

          - Isa. 22:4

          - Gal. 4:20

        5. Description of sayings used of another are described or imitated by way of emphasis

          6. - Phil. 3:4-5 Brags of a self-righteous Jew.

        6. Description of actions

          7. - Joel 2:1-11

        7. Description of place

          8. - Rev. 21

          - Ac. 8:26

        8. Description of time

          9. - Jn. 10:23

          - Mk. 6:48

        9. Description of circumstances

          10. - Jn. 4:6

          - Jn 18:18

        10. Description of order

          - I Cor. 15:5-8

          — Appeared

          — then

          — after that

          — then

          — last of all

          - I Thess. 4:15-17

      4. Conclusion

        1. Judgment - The addition of conclusion by way of deduction.

          2.

          - Jn. 3:24 Why John was still baptizing

          - Ac. 19:20 Result of Paul's teaching

          - Jn. 9:22

        2. Amplification - The addition of conclusion by way of emphasis.

          3. - Ac. 7:5 gave him no inheritance

          - II Cor. 3:5,6 verse 6 amplifies verse 5.

        3. Abating - The addition of conclusion by way of lessening the effect.

          4. - II Ki. 5:1 but he was a leper

        4. Exclamation - The addition of conclusion by way of exclamation.

          5. - Psa. 2:12 last line

          - Matt. 20:16; 22:14

        5. Justification - The addition of conclusion by way of justification.

          6. - Matt. 9:13

        6. Qualification - The addition of conclusion by way of modification.

          7. - Matt. 26:40-41 but the flesh is weak

          - Phil. 4:10 but you lacked opportunity

        7. Example - The addition of conclusion by way of example.

          8. - Lk. 17:32

        8. Concluding Summary - The addition of conclusion by way of a brief summary.

        - Matt. 1:17 summary of 1-16

        - Heb. 11:39

      5. Interposition

        1. Parenthesis - Parenthetic addition by way of explanation : complete in itself.

          2.

          - II Pe. 1:19

          We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed (as unto a light that shineth in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day-star arise) in your hearts.

        2. Running along - Parenthetic addition by way of statement thrown in: not complete in itself.

          3. - Ro. 3:7-8

          - Jn. 2:9

        3. Sudden exclamation - Parenthetic addition by way of exclamation.

          4. - Ezk. 16:23-24

        4. Insertion - Parenthetic independent addition.

          5. - Isa. 60:12 the whole verse in parenthetic

          - I Cor. 15:20-28 is parenthetic

        5. Interjection - Parenthetic addition by way of feeling.

          6. - Psa. 42:2b

        6. Under-estimating - Parenthetic addition by way of apology or excuse.

          - II Cor. 11:23

          - Rom. 3:5

      6. Reasoning

        1. A passing-by - Addition (brief) of what is professedly ignored.

          2.

          - Heb. 11:32

        2. Insinuation - Addition of insinuation (implied) by was of reasoning.

          - Philem. 19

  3. Figures involving CHANGE

    1. Affecting the meaning and usage of words

      1. Exchange of parts of speech

        2. - II Cor 4:6 Knowledge of the glory of God

        – Knowledge of the glorious God

        (two nouns instead of an adjective)

        - There are lots of these but the newer English translations mask them.

      2. Exchange of accidence (past for present, masculine for feminine, singular for plural etc.)

        3. - I Cor. 2:2 Know nothing among you

        – Make known nothing among you (Intransitive for transitive verb)

        - Psa. 14:1 They fool ... They are (Singular for plural)

      3. Interchange of construction - Words out of normal order for point of emphasis.

        4. - Psa 19:13 Keep the servant from the sin or the sin from the servant?

        - Most of the word orders have been "corrected" by the translators

      4. Change of noun (Metonymy) - The change of one noun for another related noun.

        5. - II Cor. 3:6 the letter – the law

        - Lk. 16:29 Moses, Prophets – the writings of Moses and the Prophets

        - II Sam. 3:12 hand – help

        - I Sam. 1:15 soul – desires and longings.

        - Amos 4:6 Cleanness of teeth = famine

      5. Transfer (Synecdoche) - The exchange of one idea for another idea.

        6. - Matt. 9:27 Son of David – Jesus

        - Lk. 14:1 Bread – food

        - Isa. 1:15 blood – guilt of murders

        - Psa 139:2 – all my actions

        - Matt. 6:1 righteousness – acts of r.

      6. Two for one - Two words used but one thing meant

        7. - Gen. 1:26 Image and likeness

        - Psa 74:16 light and sun

        - Lk. 1:17 spirit and power

      7. Three for one - Three words used, but one thing meant

        8. Jn. 14:6 Way, truth, life

      8. Incongruity - One word changed for another only remotely connected with it.

        9. - II Sam. 23:17 What is meant by blood?

        - Psa. 74:1 Smoke and sheep of Thy pasture

      9. Name-change - Using name for a title or title for a name.

        10. - Acts 25:26 my lord – the Roman Emperor

        - Acts 3:14 Holy and Righteous one – Christ

      10. Euphemy - Change of what is unpleasant for pleasant.

        11. - Gen. 15:15 go to your fathers – die

        - Acts 2:39 all who are far off – gentiles

      11. Adjournment - A retaining of an old name after the reason for it is passed away.

        - Matt. 10:3 Matthew was not still a tax-gatherer

    2. Affecting the order and arrangement of words

      1. Separate Words

        1. Transposition - Placing of a word out of it usual order in a sentence

          2.

          - Lk. 16:11 Greek = True riches - who will intrust them to you.

        2. Arraignment - The position of one word changed so as to be set over against the other - the word out of place gets greater emphasis

          3. - Deut. 22:1

        3. Change in concord - A change in ideas that makes concord logical rather than grammatical

          4. - John 16:13,14 "He" with neuter noun Spirit

        4. Mid-Cut - A compound word or phrase has another word inserted in the middle of it

          - Eph. 6:8 "what soever thing" instead of "what thing soever"

      2. Sentences and Phrases

        1. The last, first - The second of two things put first,

          2.

          - Heb. 3:8 Which came first the day of trial or the hardening

        2. The first, last - The former of two things put last.

          3. - Isa. 38:22, 8 Did the sun go back before or after he talked to Hezekiah?

        3. Subsequent narration - A subsequent narration of prior events.

          4. - Gen. 31:7-8

          - Acts 22; 23 Add details to the conversion of Saul

        4. Contrast - Setting of one phrase in contrast with another.

          5. - Isa. 59:9b

          - Rom. 8:13

          - Phil. 3:7

        5. Contraries - Affirmation or negation by contraries.

          6. - Isa. 45:22b

          - Rom. 8:15

        6. Non-sequence - A breaking off the sequence of through.

          - I Cor. 7:15 switch of person

          - Mk. 11:32 !

    3. Affecting the application of words, as to

      1. Sense

        1. Simile - Resemblance - A declaration that one thing resembles another.

          2.

          - Psa. 1:3 He will be LIKE a tree

          - Lk. 22:44 sweat became LIKE blood

        2. Repeated Simile - A repetition of a number of resemblance’s

          3. - Isa. 1:18

        3. Metaphor - Representation - A declaration that one thing is (or represents) another.

          4. - Matt. 26:26 This is my body

          - Matt. 5:13 You are the salt

        4. Implication - A declaration that implies the resemblance or representation.

          5. - Psa 22:16a defined in 16b

          - Jn. 2:19 this temple

        5. Allegory - Continued Metaphor - Continued representation and implication.

          6. - Lk. 9:62 brief allegory

          - Isa. 5:1-6

        6. Parable - Continued Simile - Comparison by continued resemblance.

          7. - Matt. 25:1-12

        7. Fable - A fictitious narrative used for illustration.

          8. - None in the Word of God.

        8. Proverb - A wayside saying in common use.

          9. - I Sam. 10:12

          - Jn. 4:37

        9. Type - A figure or ensample of something future, call the antitype.

          10. - Heb. 8:5

          - The Brass Serpent

          - The tabernacle

          - The Passover lamb

        10. Symbol - A material subject substituted for a moral or spiritual truth.

          11. - Matt. 16-19 the keys

        11. Enigma - Dark Saying - A truth expressed in obscure language.

          12. - Dan. 5:25-28

          - Judges 14:14

        12. Many Names - An application of enigma to the names of person or places.

          13. - Psa. 88:4 Rahab – Egypt?

        13. Quotation - A quotation without giving the author's name.

          14. - Heb. 10:13 from Psa 110:1

          - Matt. 21:16

        14. Double Meaning - A word or phrase susceptible to two interpretations.

          15. - II Ki. 5:19 "Go in peace"

          To bow or not to bow? v. 18

          - Acts 17:22

        15. Irony - The expression of through in a form that conveys its opposite

          16. - Job 12:2

          - Jn. 19:14

        16. Oxymoron - Wise-folly - A wise saying that seems foolish.

          17. - Matt. 16:25

          - II Cor. 12:10c

        17. Idiom - The peculiar usage of word and phrases

          - Lk. 11:20 finger of God

          - Matt. 11:25 answered and said

      2. Persons

        1. Personification - Things represented as persons.

          2.

          - De. 13:8 eye pity him

          - Psa. 104:19 the sun knows

        2. Anti-Personification

          3. - II Sam. 16:9 this dead dog

        3. Condescension - Ascribing of Human attributes to God.

          4. - Psa. 31:2

          - Lev. 17:10 face

          - Isa. 59:16 arm

        4. Dialogue - A transference of speakers

          5. - I Cor. 7:16 addressed as if present

        5. Inclusion - When the writer or speakers associates himself with those who he addresses.

          - Heb. 10:25 ourselves

      3. Subject-matter

        1. Apostrophe - A turning aside from the direct subject matter to address others.

          2.

          - II Sam 1:26 daughter to Jonathan

        2. Digression - A turnaside from one subject to another.

          3. - Gen. 2:8-14 Man to the garden

        3. Transition - A passing from one subject to another with only brief or no mention of it.

          4. - Heb. 6:1-3

        4. Correction - A recalling of what has been said, in order to correct it as by an after-through.

          - Mark 9:24

          - Jn. 12:27

          - Gal. 2:20

      4. Time

        1. Anticipation - An anticipation of some future time which cannot yet be enjoyed; but has to be deferred.

          - Isa. 37:22

      5. Feeling

        1. Pathos - An expression of feeling or emotion

          2.

          - Isa. 22:4

          - II Tim 1:16-18

        2. Recalling - An expression of feeling by way of recalling to mind.

          3. - II Tim. 1:3

        3. Blessing - An expression of feeling by way of Benediction or Blessing.

          4. - Psa 1:1

          - Gen. 1:28

          - Ecc. 10:17

        4. Prayer - An expression of feeling by way of prayer.

          5. - Psa. 118:25

          - Isa. 64:1

        5. Exhortation - An expression of feeling by way of exhortation.

          6. - II Tim 4:1-2

          - Gal. 3:1

        6. Wishing - An expression of feeling by way of Wonder.

          7. - Gal. 5:12

          - Psa 55:6

        7. Wondering - An expression of feeling by way of wonder.

          8. - Gal. 1:6

          - Rom. 11:33

        8. Exultation - An expression of feeling by calling on others to rejoice.

          9. - Phil. 4:4

          - Zeph. 3:14

          - Zech. 9:9

        9. Indicating - The calling attention to by making a star or mark.

          10. Often the word "Behold" or "Verily" (Truly)

          - Psa. 133:1

          - Jn. 6:47

        10. Exclamation - An expression of feeling by way of exclamation.

          11. - Josh. 7:7

          - Psa 84:1

          - Matt. 17:17

        11. Doubt - An expression of feeling by way of doubt.

          12. - Lk. 16:3

        12. Reprimand - An expression of feeling by way of censure, reproof, or reproach.

          13. - Lk. 24:25

          - Ro. 9:20

        13. Candor - An expression of feeling by way of freedom of speech, in reprehension.

          14. - Lk. 13:32

          - Jn. 8:44

        14. Indignation - An expression of feeling by way of indignation.

          15. - Ac. 13:10

        15. Detesting - An expression of feeling by way of detesting.

          16. - Psa. 50:16

          - Matt. 4:10

        16. Deprecation - An expression of feeling by way of self deprecation.

          17. - Ex. 32:32

        17. Raillery - An expression of feeling by way of tearing away disguise.

          18. - Matt. 26:50

        18. Contempt - An expression of feeling by way of contempt.

          19. - II Sam. 6:20

        19. Imprecation - An expression of feeling by way of malediction or execration.

          20. - Eze. 34:2

          - Matt. 11:21

        20. Adjuration - An expression of feeling by oath or asseveration.

          21. - Ac. 20:26

          - Song. 2:7

        21. Mocking - An expression of feeling by mocking or jeering.

          - Psa. 2:4

          - Isa. 14:4

      6. Reasoning or Argumentation.

        1. Interrogation - Asking of questions without expecting an answer.

          2.

          - Gen. 13:9

          - De. 7:17

          - Psa. 133:1

        2. Dialogue - Writer has someone else say it instead of himself.

          3. - Isa. 63:1-6

        3. Affirmation - Spontaneous affirmation.

          4. - Phil. 1:18

        4. Negation - Spontaneous negation.

          5. - Gal. 2:5

        5. Apparent Refusal

          6. - Matt. 15:22-26

        6. Cause Shown - The rendering of a reason for what is said or done.

          7. - Ro. 1:13

          - Ro. 3:20

        7. Counter-Question - Answering of one question by asking another.

          8. - Matt. 21:23-25

          - Ro. 9:19

        8. Retort - A turning the words of a speaker against himself.

          9. - II Cor. 11:22

          - Matt. 15:26-27

        9. Recrimination - The use of counter-charge or recrimination.

          10. - Eze. 18:25

        10. Counter-Blame - A transferring of the blame from one's self to another.

          11. - I Ki. 18:17,18

          - II Ki. 9:19

        11. Common Cause - An appeal to others as having interests in common.

          12. - Mal. 1:6

          - I Cor. 10:15

        12. Concession - Making a concession of one point to gain another.

          13. - I Cor. 4:8

          - Gal. 4:15,16

          - Jas. 2:19

        13. Admission - Admission of wrong in order to gain what is right.

          14. - Ecc. 11:9

          - Jn. 13:27

        14. Conciliation - The securing of indulgence for what is about to be said.

          15. - Jn. 3:2

          - Ac. 17:22

          - Ac. 26:2-3

        15. Retracting - Approval of one thing after reproving for another thing.

          16. - Rev. 3:4-5 after reproof of v. 1

          - Psa. 106:8

        16. Anticipation - The answering of an argument by anticipating it before it is used.

          - Rom. 11:1

          - Isa. 49:14-15

          - Rom. 9:14

           

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Updated: September 09, 2008 00:46 -0400
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